Comparison of menstrual cycle irregularities among young women based on coronavirus disease 2019 infection status: a cross-sectional study

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic that has emerged recently has significantly affected and continues to affect our lives. The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 virus has significant effects on women's health due to gender-related physiological differences. The aim of this study was to compare the menstrual cycle status of young women according to their status of having had coronavirus disease 2019. METHODS: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted with 220 young women aged between 18 and 25 years who received at least one dose of coronavirus disease 2019 vaccine. The study data were collected as a survey on the online platform. RESULTS: The descriptive characteristics of young women who had had and had not had coronavirus disease 2019 were distributed homogeneously between the groups (p>0.05). Furthermore, there was no statistical difference in terms of menstrual cycle patterns (p>0.05). The mean scores from the Premenstrual Syndrome Scale and its subscales and the mean scores from the COVID Stress Scale and its subscales were similar in both groups, and no statistically significant difference was identified (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: Although menstrual cycle irregularities due to coronavirus disease 2019 have been reported, these effects are usually observed during the pandemic. A decrease in stress and anxiety with the end of the pandemic may explain the return of the menstrual cycle to normal.

Sports gynecology: a new way to improve female athletes care and performance / Ginecología deportiva: una nueva forma de optimizar atención y el rendimiento de la deportist / Ginecologia do esporte: uma nova maneira de otimizar o cuidado e a performance da mulher atleta

ABSTRACT Introduction: Female participation in sports has reached a milestone in 1972 when a constitutional amendment was implemented to ensure equal opportunities for men and women. Since then, the percentage of participants in competitive sports has grown. In this context became necessary to understand menstrual cycle, contraceptive use, and its individual responses. Objective: To investigate menstrual cycle characteristics, physical and mood symptoms related to vaginal bleeding, and contraceptives used by Brazilian Olympic athletes. Also, to assess if these athletes relate that vaginal bleeding influences sportive performance, how they manage it and what can be changed to improve their health care and sportive performance. Additionally, we propose specialized female care by a gynaecologist specialized in sports medicine. Methods: Descriptive observational study was conducted from July to August 2016 and included 118 Brazilian Olympic female athletes, in menacme. The athletes completed a self-administered online questionnaire, adapted from Pre-Participation Gynaecological Examination of female athletes. Results: Participants practiced 28 different sports, mean age 27 ± 4.7 years. For 66% it was their first participation in an Olympic Game. Most used contraceptives (54%), mainly oral (61%). Most (76%) believed that vaginal bleeding influenced sports performance, and 63% preferred to compete after bleeding cessation. Fifty-eight percent would compete at preferred time of their cycle. Anxiety symptoms, bloating, increased appetite, depression, and dysmenorrhea were indicated by 52%. Among these, 49% reported that these symptoms deteriorated their sportive performance. Conclusion: Most in their first Olympic participation, Brazilian athletes used hormone contraceptives, mainly oral ones to manage and adapt their vaginal bleeding to the competition calendar because most of them referred those physical and mood symptoms deteriorated their sportive performance. The presence of a Sportive Gynaecologist as part of the Olympic Medical Staff highlighted the female athletes issues and helped them to improve sportive performance. Level of Evidence IV; Cross-sectional observational study

RESUMEN Introducción: La participación femenina en deportes alcanzó un hito en 1972, cuando se implementó una reforma constitucional para garantizar igualdad de oportunidades entre hombres y mujeres. Desde entonces, el porcentaje de participantes en deportes competitivos ha crecido. En este contexto, se hizo necesario comprender el ciclo menstrual, el uso de anticonceptivos y sus respuestas individuales. Objetivo: Investigar características del ciclo menstrual, síntomas físicos, estado de ánimo, quejas relacionadas con el sangrado vaginal y los métodos anticonceptivos utilizados por atletas olímpicas brasileñas. Evaluar si estas deportistas perciben influencia del sangrado vaginal en el rendimiento deportivo, cómo lo controlan y qué se puede cambiar para mejorar. Además, ofrecemos atención especializada por una ginecóloga especialista en medicina deportiva. Métodos: Estudio observacional, descriptivo, realizado de julio a agosto de 2016, que incluyó 118 atletas olímpicas brasileñas, en menacme. Las atletas respondieron un cuestionario en línea autoadministrado y adaptado titulado "Examen ginecológico previo a la participación". Resultados: Practicaban 28 deportes diferentes, con edad media = 27 ± 4,7 años. Para 66%, era su primera participación en un juego olímpico. Anticonceptivos usados r54%), principalmente orales (61%). La mayoría (76%) cree que el sangrado vaginal influye en el rendimiento deportivo y 63% prefirió competir después del. El 58% de los atletas competiría en su momento preferido de su ciclo. Los síntomas de ansiedad, hinchazón, aumento del apetito, depresión y dismenorrea fueron indicados por el 52%. Entre estas, 49% deterioró su rendimiento deportivo. Conclusión: En su primera participación olímpica, las atletas brasileñas utilizaron anticonceptivos hormonales, principalmente orales, para controlar y adaptar el sangrado vaginal al calendario de competición, ya que la mayoría relató que los síntomas físicos y anímicos perjudicaban su desempeño deportivo. La presencia de una Ginecóloga Deportiva como parte del Equipo Médico Olímpico destacó los problemas de las atletas y las ayudó a mejorar su rendimiento. Nivel de Evidencia IV; Estudio Observacional.

RESUMO Introdução: A participação feminina no esporte teve um marco importante em 1972, quando uma emenda constitucional foi implementada para garantir a igualdade de oportunidades para homens e mulheres. Desde então, o percentual de participantes em esportes competitivos tem crescido. Nesse contexto tornou-se necessário compreender sobre ciclo menstrual, uso de anticoncepcionais e suas respostas individuais. Objetivo: Investigar características do ciclo menstrual, sintomas físicos e de humor, queixas relacionadas ao sangramento vaginal e métodos contraceptivos usados por atletas olímpicas brasileiras. Avaliar se percebem influência do sangramento vaginal no desempenho esportivo, como elas o controlam e o que pode ser mudado para melhorar seus cuidados e desempenho esportivo. Além disso, propõe-se atendimento específico por ginecologista especializada em medicina esportiva. Métodos: Estudo observacional, descritivo, realizado de julho a agosto de 2016 que incluiu 118 atletas olímpicas brasileiras, na menacme. As atletas responderam a um questionário online autoaplicável e adaptado intitulado "Pre-Participation Gynaecological Examination". Resultados: As participantes praticavam 28 esportes diferentes, com média de idade = 27 ± 4,7 anos. Para 66%, foi a primeira participação em um evento olímpico. A maioria usava anticoncepcional (54%), principalmente oral (61%). A maioria (76%) acredita que o sangramento vaginal influencia o desempenho esportivo e 63% preferiam competir após o mesmo. 58% das atletas competiriam no momento preferido de seu ciclo. Sintomas de ansiedade, distensão abdominal, aumento do apetite, depressão e dismenorreia foram indicados por 52%. Entre esses, 49% deterioraram o desempenho esportivo. Conclusão: Em sua primeira participação olímpica, as atletas brasileiras utilizaram anticoncepcionais hormonais, principalmente orais, para controlar e adaptar o sangramento vaginal ao calendário de competição, pois a maioria referiu que os sintomas físicos e de humor prejudicaram o desempenho esportivo. A presença de uma Ginecologista Esportiva como parte da Equipe Médica Olímpica destacou os problemas das atletas femininas e as ajudou a melhorar o desempenho esportivo. Nível de Evidência IV; Estudo Observacional.

Impact of menstrual cycle on smoking cessation: A review / El impacto del ciclo menstrual en el abandono de tabaco: Una revisión

Abstract Background Information on the way menstrual cycle phases can influence the achievement of tobacco abstinence is contradictory. Objective A scope review was conducted to determine the effect of the menstrual cycle on tobacco abstinence, considering the phases of the cycle, hormone levels, and premenstrual syndrome. Method A literature search was conducted in Scopus, PubMed, MEDLINE, and PsycINFO databases. Ten articles comparing the phases of the menstrual cycle or analyzing the association between premenstrual syndrome and a withdrawal condition (length of abstinence or withdrawal symptoms) were included. Results Two main results were identified: 1) there is no difference in withdrawal symptoms and craving between menstrual cycle phases and 2) abstinence rates in the studies were higher during the luteal phase. Discussion and conclusion The advisability of suggesting that women wishing to quit smoking should begin to do so at the start of the luteal phrase is discussed. However, smoking cessation interventions must consider all the symptoms experienced during the luteal phase.

Resumen Antecedentes La información sobre cómo las diferentes fases del ciclo menstrual pueden influir en el logro de la abstinencia de tabaco es contradictoria. Objetivo Se realizó una revisión de alcance con el fin identificar la evidencia relacionada al efecto del ciclo menstrual en la abstinencia de tabaco, considerando las variables fases del ciclo, niveles hormonales y síndrome premenstrual. Método Se llevó a cabo una búsqueda de la literatura en las bases de datos Scopus, PubMed, MEDLINE y PsycINFO. Se incluyeron diez artículos que realizaban comparaciones entre las fases del ciclo menstrual o bien análisis entre el síndrome premenstrual y una condición de abstinencia (tiempo de abstinencia o síntomas de abstinencia). Resultados Se identificaron dos resultados principales 1) no hay diferencia en los síntomas de abstinencia y el deseo por fumar entre las fases del ciclo menstrual y 2) las tasas de abstinencia de los estudios fueron mayores durante la fase lútea. Discusión y conclusión Se discute si en la fase lútea se puede sugerir el inicio de la abstinencia en mujeres que buscan dejar de fumar, sin embargo, las intervenciones para dejar de fumar deben tomar en cuenta todos los síntomas que se experimentan en la fase lútea.

Vacuna contra la COVID-19 y menstruación, desde el desconocimiento a la información: revisión sistemática / Vaccine against COVID-19 and menstruation, from ignorance to information: a systematic review

La creación de una vacuna para enfrentar la pandemia de COVID-19 conllevó un vacío de información sobre las posibles alteraciones del ciclo menstrual. El objetivo fue verificar las posibles alteraciones que se pudiesen haber generado en el ciclo menstrual de las mujeres posterior a la inoculación de la vacuna contra la COVID-19. Se realizó una revisión sistemática en las bases bibliografías Medline, Medline Complete, LILACS, CINAHL y ScIELO, utilizando los descriptores “Women”, “Woman”, “Fertile period”, “Vaccination”, “Mass vaccination”, “Immunization”, “COVID-19 vaccines”, “SARS-CoV-2 infection”, “COVID-19”, “Menstrual cycle”, “Menstruation”, “Endometrial cycle”, “Dysmenorrhea” y “Menstruation disturbances”. Mediante la utilización del protocolo PRISMA, de los 319 artículos localizados, 17 fueron incluidos en el análisis. La mayoría de los estudios incluyeron, principalmente, las vacunas Pfizer, Moderna, AstraZeneca y Johnson&Johnson/Janssen con una a tres dosis administradas. El porcentaje de ciclos menstruales alterados fue del 8,0% al 77,8%, y la alteración con mayor frecuencia referida fue la duración del ciclo menstrual, que fue desde 0,3 hasta 12 días de retraso de la menstruación. Todos los estudios refieren cambios en el ciclo menstrual con diversas prevalencias, con y sin significación estadística; sin embargo, también concluyen que estas alteraciones son reversibles y en un corto periodo de tiempo.

The creation of a vaccine to face the COVID-19 pandemic, led to an information gap on possible alterations of the menstrual cycle. The objective was to verify the possible alterations that could have been generated in the menstrual cycle of women, after the inoculation of the vaccine against COVID-19. A systematic review was carried out in the Medline, Medline Complete, LILACS, CINAHL and ScIELO bibliographic databases, using the descriptors “Women”, “Woman”, “Fertile period”, “Vaccination”, “Mass vaccination”, “Immunization”, “COVID-19 vaccines”, “SARS-CoV-2 infection”, “COVID-19”, “Menstrual cycle”, “Menstruation”, “Endometrial cycle”, “Dysmenorrhea” and “Menstruation disturbances”. Using the PRISMA protocol, of the 319 articles located, 17 were included in the analysis. Most of the studies mainly included the Pfizer, Moderna, AstraZeneca and Johnson&Johnson/Janssen vaccines with one to three doses administered. The percentage of altered menstrual cycles ranged from 8.0% to 77.8%, and the most frequently reported alteration was the length of the menstrual cycle, which occurred from 0.3 to 12 days late in menstruation. All the studies refer to changes in the menstrual cycle with different prevalences, with and without statistical significance; however, the same studies also conclude that these alterations are reversible and in a short period of time.

Características e diferenças nos sintomas dos períodos menstrual e pré-menstrual em mulheres sedentárias / Characteristics and differences in the symptoms of themenstrual and premenstrual periods in sedentary women

Objetivo: estabelecer as diferenças de sintomas físicos e mentais nos períodos menstrual e pré-menstrual em mulheres sedentárias. Métodos: estudo transversal, por questionário, respondido por 77 mulheres saudáveis, de 18 a 35 anos, sedentárias e que não fizessem uso de anticoncepcional continuamente. O questionário incluiu questões sobre dados antropométricos, sintomas físicos e mentais nos períodos menstrual e pré-menstrual. O teste Mann-Whitney comparou os momentos menstrual e pré-menstrual. Resultados: no período menstrual, em uma escala numérica de 0 a 10 pontos, observou-se maiores queixas de dor (7/10), mau humor (7/10), desânimo (8/10), irritabilidade (8/10), ansiedade (7/10), choro (7/10), raiva (9/10) e impacto nas atividades de vida diárias (AVDs) (7/10). Já no período pré-menstrual observou-se queixas de cefaleia (5/10), edema/retenção hídrica (6/10), mau humor (6/10), tristeza (6/10), irritabilidade (7/10), choro (7/10) e raiva (6/10). Quando comparados os períodos menstrual e pré-menstrual, o período menstrual apresentou piores sintomas de dismenorreia (P<0,05), lombalgia (P<0,05), dor nos membros inferiores (P<0,05), dificuldade de concentração (P<0,05), aumento do sono (P<0,05) e desânimo (P<0,05). As voluntárias apontaram 14 sintomas piores, com intensidade igual ou maior que 7 no período menstrual, e apresentaram 9 sintomas com intensidade igual ou maior que 7 no período pré-menstrual. Conclusão: os sintomas no período menstrual são mais intensos quando comparados ao período pré-menstrual e podem afetar AVDs. O presente estudo destaca a importância de análises e cuidados em relação ao período menstrual, já que tem grande impacto nos fatores físicos, mentais e emocionais das mulheres sedentárias.

Objective: to establish the differences in physical and mental symptoms in menstrual and premenstrual periods in sedentary women. Methods: cross-sectional study, through questionnaire, answered by 77 healthy women, aged 18 to 35 years, sedentary and who did not use contraceptives continuously. The questionnaire included questions about anthropometric data, physical and mental symptoms in menstrual and premenstrual periods. The Mann-Whitney test compared menstrual and premenstrual times. Results: in the menstrual period, on a numerical scale from 0 to 10 points, there were more complaints of pain (7/10), bad mood (7/10), discouragement (8/10), irritability (8/10), anxiety (7/10), crying (7/10), anger (9/10) and impact on ADLs (7/10). In the premenstrual period, there were complaints of headache (5/10), edema/water retention (6/10), bad mood (6/10), sadness (6/10), irritability (7/10), crying (7/10) and anger (6/10). When comparing the menstrual and premenstrual periods, the menstrual period had worse symptoms of dysmenorrhea (P<0.05), low back pain (P<0.05), pain in the lower limbs (P<0.05), difficulty concentrating (P<0.05), increased sleep (P<0.05) and discouragement (P<0.05). The volunteers reported 14 worse symptoms, with intensity equal to or greater than 7 in the menstrual period, and 9 symptoms with intensity equal to or greater than 7 in the premenstrual period. Conclusion: the symptoms in the menstrual period are more intense when compared to the pre-menstrual period and can affect the ADLs. This study highlights the importance of analysis and greater care in relation to the menstrual period, as it has a great impact on physical, mental and emotional factors in sedentary women.

Experimental pain thresholds and psychosocial features across menstrual cycle in myofascial orofacial pain compared to healthy individuals: cross-sectional study / Limiares de dor experimental e características psicossociais ao longo do ciclo menstrual na dor miofascial orofacial em comparação com indivíduos saudáveis: estudo transversal

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The hormonal impact on pain perception during the menstrual cycle is a major focus of study, and further elucidation in temporomandibular disorders (TMD) field is necessary. Thus, this cross-sectional study evaluated experimental pain thresholds, psychosocial features, and clinical pain report on TMD women across menstrual cycle versus healthy controls. METHODS: A total of 220 women's clinical files were screened, with 80 selected and divided into control group (healthy individuals, n=40) and TMD group (myofascial pain, n=40). Regarding the menstrual cycle phases, the files were divided into Pre-Luteal and Luteal. The Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS), Mechanical Pain Threshold (MPT), Wind-up (WUR), Pressure Pain Threshold (PPT), Conditioned Pain Modulation (CPM) and Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) were analyzed at a 5% significance level, by Two-Way ANOVA test and post hoc Tukey test. RESULTS: PSS and PCS were significantly different between TMD and control group (p<0.001), regardless of menstrual cycle. Healthy individuals in the Luteal phase presented higher MPT values compared to the other phases (p<0.001). PPT showed significant difference across menstrual phases (p=0.022), but no differences in multiple comparisons. VAS values showed no difference between menstrual cycle phases (p=0.376). CONCLUSION: Finally, healthy individuals in the Luteal phase have higher MPT and PPT values on the orofacial region. Pain report in patients with TMD showed no difference throughout the menstrual cycle, showing that small alterations on experimental pain thresholds may not be clinically relevant. The presence of chronic pain seems to be more related to psychosocial features than hormonal fluctuations.

RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: O impacto do ciclo menstrual na percepção da dor é um foco importante de estudo, sendo necessária uma maior elucidação na disfunção temporomandibular (DTM). Assim, este estudo transversal avaliou limiares de dor experimental, características psicossociais e relatos de dor em mulheres com DTM ao longo do ciclo menstrual, comparadas com controles saudáveis. MÉTODOS: 220 prontuários de mulheres foram analisados, sendo 80 selecionados para os grupos de controle (saudáveis, n=40) e DTM (dor miofascial, n=40). Nas fases do ciclo menstrual, as pacientes foram divididas nas categorias Pré-Luteal e Luteal. Os instrumentos Escala de Estresse Percebido (PSS), Escala de Pensamentos Catastróficos (PCS), Limiar de Dor Mecânica (MPT), Wind-up Ratio (WUR), Limiar de Dor à Pressão (PPT), Modulação Condicionada da Dor (CPM) e Escala analógica visual (EAV) foram analisados com nível de significância de 5%, pelos testes ANOVA de dois fatores e Tukey post hoc. RESULTADOS: As escalas PSS e PCS foram significativamente diferentes entre os grupos DTM e controle (p<0,001), independentemente do ciclo menstrual. Indivíduos saudáveis na fase luteal apresentaram MPT maior em comparação com outras fases (p,0,001). O PPT mostrou diferença significativa entre as fases menstruais (p=0,022), sem diferença nas comparações múltiplas. Os valores da EAV não apresentaram diferença entre as fases menstruais (p=376). CONCLUSÃO: Indivíduos saudáveis na fase luteal têm MPT e PPTl maior na região orofacial. Os relatos de dor em pacientes com DTM não mostraram diferença ao longo do ciclo menstrual, indicando que pequenas alterações nos limiares experimentais podem ser clinicamente relevantes. A presença de dor crônica parece estar mais relacionada com características psicossociais do que com flutuações hormonais.

Effect of COVID-19 on Menstruation: An Observational Study

Introduction: COVID-19 patients have been reported to have systemic complications. Analyzing its effect on the endocrine system is essential to ensure women’s reproductive health. Aim: This study aimed to determine the effect of COVID-19 disease on menstruation. Methods: It was a hospital-based cross-sectional study conducted from October 2021 to April 2022, using a validated questionnaire to collect the data. The study included females (15 to 49 years) who had confirmed COVID infection. Results: A total of 132 females participated in the study. For 29 (22%) patients presenting with menstrual cycle changes, most common change was prolonged cycle (14%). An increase in menstrual volume was reported by 12%, where as 35% of patients experienced more pain during menstruation. Menstrual irregularities were significantly higher in severe infection (p-value 0.04). Conclusion: There were transient changes in menstruation in COVID-19-infected patients, with a higher probability of menstruation abnormalities among severely infected patients.

Uso de anticonceptivos y conocimiento del periodo fértil del ciclo menstrual en adolescentes

Introducción: La comprensión de los cambios fisiológicos que se presentan en las mujeres adolescentes son fundamentales para el cuidado de su salud sexual. Esto favorece un comportamiento anticonceptivo orientado a la elección de métodos seguros y eficaces. Objetivo: Establecer la asociación entre el uso de métodos anticonceptivos y el conocimiento del periodo fértil del ciclo menstrual en adolescentes peruanas. Métodos: Estudio transversal basado en el análisis secundario de la Encuesta Demográfica y de Salud Familiar del año 2021. La muestra fue de 717 de mujeres adolescentes con registro completo en las bases de datos. Se calcularon recuentos ponderados, no ponderados y se aplicó la prueba ji cuadrado con un 95 % de nivel de confianza. Resultados: El 19 % de las adolescentes reconocen el periodo fértil del ciclo menstrual y 6,3 % refirió que este periodo sucede durante la menstruación. El 80,8 % de las mujeres que cursan la adolescencia temprana, no conocen el momento del periodo. Respecto al uso de anticonceptivos, el 21,5 % era usuaria de preservativos y 16,3 % de inyectables; no obstante, 47 % señaló que no utilizaban ningún anticonceptivo. El 53,5 % de las adolescentes en etapa tardía indicaron que sí utilizan anticonceptivos. Entre las que son usuarias de estos métodos, 86,3 % no reconocen el periodo fértil. Conclusiones: En las adolescentes, el uso de métodos anticonceptivos no se asocia de manera significativa con el conocimiento que tienen acerca del periodo fértil del ciclo menstrual.

Introduction: The understanding of the physiological changes that occur in adolescent women are essential for the care of their sexual health. Thus, this favors a contraceptive behavior oriented to the choice of safe and effective methods. Objective: To establish the association between the use of contraceptive methods and the knowledge of the fertile period of the menstrual cycle in Peruvian adolescents. Methods: Cross-sectional study based on the secondary analysis of the 2021 Demographic and Family Health Survey. The sample consisted of 717 adolescent women with complete registration in the databases. Weighted and unweighted counts were calculated; and the Chi square test was applied at a 95% confidence level. Results: 19% of adolescents recognize the fertile period of the menstrual cycle and 6.3% reported that this period occurs during menstruation. In addition, 80.8% of women in early adolescence do not know the time of their period. Regarding the use of contraceptives, 21.5% were users of condoms and 16.3% of injectables; however, 47% indicated that they did not use any contraceptive. 53.5% of late-stage adolescents indicated that they do use contraceptives. Among those who are users of these methods, 86.3% do not recognize the fertile period. Conclusions: In adolescents, the use of contraceptive methods is not significantly associated with the knowledge they have about the fertile period of the menstrual cycle.

Sugar craving and stress levels during different phases of menstrual cycle among university students

@#Introduction: The menstrual cycle in women is often associated with appetite control, mood, and behavioural changes due to hormonal imbalance. However, levels of sugar craving and stress during pre- and post-menstrual periods have not been thoroughly studied. This cross-sectional study aimed to compare levels of stress and sugar cravings during different phases of menstrual cycle among university students. Methods: Participants aged 19–25 years were assessed for sugar craving and stress during pre- and post-menstrual periods. They were requested to fill out the Sugar Craving Assessment Tool (SCAT) and Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) questionnaires on the first day of menses (the pre-menses phase) by recalling how they felt throughout the past seven days. The participants completed the same set of questionnaires again two days after their menses ended (post-menses phase) by recalling how they felt within the previous two days. Results: Ninety-three students participated in the study. Pre-menstrual SCAT score (40.0±19.6) was higher than post-menstrual SCAT score (32.1±19.4), t(91)=4.82, p<0.001. Mean PSS-10 score was also higher before menstruation (22.8±6.2) than after menstruation (17.5±6.1), t(91)=6.26, p<0.001. There was no significant difference in mean sugar craving scores of different stress categories, either during pre-menses [F(2,90)=1.39, p=0.256] or post-menses [F(2,90)=0.89, p=0.415]. Conclusion: The findings indicate that levels of sugar craving and stress were higher during pre-menstrual phase compared to post-menstrual phase in young adults. However, whether sugar cravings are linked to stress during the menstrual cycle is inconclusive and requires further investigation.

Treatment approach to a patient with catamenial epilepsy. case report

ABSTRACT Introduction: Catamenial epilepsy refers to the worsening or exacerbation of seizures due to hormonal changes during the menstrual cycle. It is thought to be secondary to the neuroactive properties of endogenous steroid hormones and the natural cyclic variation in their serum levels throughout the menstrual cycle. Case presentation: A 31-year-old female patient from Bogotá (Colombia) was admitted to the emergency department due to an episode of tonic-clonic seizure associated with the menstrual period. Since the onset of the seizures was related to menstruation (every 28 days), it was established that the patient had structural focal epilepsy with catamenial features. Advantages of medical vs. surgical treatment were discussed during a multidisciplinary medical board and it was decided to start pharmacological treatment with progestogens, which resulted in complete remission of the seizures as established during a follow-up visit. Conclusions: Catamenial epilepsy should be considered as a cause of epilepsy refractory to antiepileptic medications. Furthermore, it should be approached from a multidisciplinary perspective and its management should be focused on improving the patients' quality of life.

RESUMEN Introducción. La epilepsia catamenial se define como un empeoramiento o la exacerbación de las crisis epilépticas en relación con el cambio hormonal durante el ciclo menstrual femenino. Se cree que esta se produce por las propiedades neuroactivas de las hormonas esteroides endógenas y la variación cíclica natural en sus niveles séricos a lo largo de dicho ciclo. Presentación del caso. Mujer de 31 años de Bogotá (Colombia), quien fue llevada al servicio de urgencias por un episodio de crisis epiléptica con convulsiones tonicoclónicas asociado al período menstrual. Debido a que la aparición de las crisis epilépticas se asociaba con la menstruación (cada 28 días), se estableció que la paciente presentaba epilepsia focal estructural de características catameniales. En junta médica multidisciplinar se discutieron las ventajas del manejo médico y el manejo quirúrgico, y se decidió instaurar tratamiento farmacológico con progestágenos, el cual, tras seguimiento, evidenció supresión total de las crisis. Conclusiones. La epilepsia catamenial debe considerarse como una causa de epilepsia refractaria al tratamiento antiepiléptico. Además, su abordaje debe ser multidisciplinario y su tratamiento debe ir enfocado a mejorar la calidad de vida de los pacientes.

A study on body mass index and menstrual cycle length in reproductive age women

Background:Menstrual cycle length is an indicator of reproductive health of a woman. Duration of menstrual cycle in a womanis affected by a number of factors including BMI. The effect of BMI on menstrual cycle length has been studied less extensively. Not many studies have been conducted on Indian populations. This study was conducted to study the relation of body mass index and menstrual cycle length in reproductive age women. Methods:The study included 225 women of age 15-45 years. Women with average menstrual cycle length of 24-38 were regarded as regularly menstruating women. Menstrual cycle length wasdefined as short (<24 days), normal (24-38 days), long (>38 days). During the menstrual phase of the cycle BMI of each participant was recorded.Results:A significant (p=0.0008) increase in mean BMI was found with increased in length of menstrual cycle. The majority of thewomen with long menstrual cycle were obese compared to women having normal and short length of menstrual cycle.Conclusions: The results of present study indicates that women with long menstrual cycle have increased body mass index compared to women having normal or short menstrual cycle length.

Dynamics of vaginal microbiota in women of reproductive age during the menstrual cycle / 中华妇产科杂志

Objective:To investigate the dynamic changes of vaginal microbiota in different phases of menstrual cycle in healthy Chinese women of childbearing age.Methods:A total of 11 healthy women of childbearing age with regular menstruation, who had physical examination in the Gynecology Clinic of Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital from September to December 2020 were randomly selected as research subjects. Vaginal secretions were collected during menstrual phase (2nd-3rd day), mid-follicular phase (7th-8th day), and mid-luteal phase (21st-22nd day) for microbiota analysis through metagenomic sequencing.Results:(1) Vaginal microbiota species were the most diverse in menstrual phase and the least in follicular phase, observing dominant vaginal bacteria gradually changing to Lactobacillus from menstrual phase to follicular phase and then to luteal phase. (2) The dynamic evolution of vaginal microbiota from menstrual phase to follicular phase and then to luteal phase was divided into: no change in dominant bacteria, replacement of dominant bacteria, changes in the proportion of dominant bacteria, and recurrence of dominant bacteria (non-Lactobacillus-dominance appeared again in luteal phase after returning to normal Lactobacillus-dominance in follicular phase). (3) Prevotella, especially Prevotella_bivia, was significantly higher during menstrual phase.Conclusions:Healthy vaginal microbiota should be relatively stable, but also have the ability of dynamic change and self-recovery. Prevotella plays a central role among opportunistic pathogens in the vagina, whose function remains to be investigated.

Treatment principle of invigorating the spleen and kidney and regulating menstrual cycle combined with Dong's extra-point acupuncture for the patients with polycystic ovary syndrome / 国际中医中药杂志

Objective:To evaluate the clinical curative effect of invigorating the spleen and kidney and regulating menstrual cycle treament combined with Dong's extra-point acupuncture on polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).Methods:According to random number table method, 70 patients with PCOS meeting inclusion criteria in the hospital were divided into western medicine group (23 cases), TCM group (23 cases) and combination group (24 cases) between January and December 2020. The western medicine was treated with ethinylestradiol and cyproterone acetate tablets, TCM group was treated with invigorating the spleen and kidney and regulating menstrual cycle treatment, and combination group was treated with invigorating the spleen and kidney and regulating menstrual cycle treatment and Dong's extra-point acupuncture. All the three groups were treated continuously for 3 menstrual cycles. Before and after treatment, levels of testosterone, estradiol, FSH and LH were detected by full-automatic immunoluminescence analyzer. The ovaries were detected by color Doppler ultrasound diagnostic apparatus. The ovarian volume, number of follicles and adverse reactions were recorded. The clinical curative effect was evaluated.Results:The differences in total response rate among western medicine group, TCM group and combination group were statistically significant [52.17% (12/23), 60.87% (14/23) vs. 87.50% (21/24), P<0.05]. After treatment, levels of testosterone [(1.02±0.12) μg/L vs. (1.23±0.25) μg/L, (1.46±0.19) μg/L, F=30.47], estradiol [(40.18±12.31) ng/L vs. (48.62±12.58) ng/L, (50.73±12.37) ng/L, F=4.78] and LH [(6.87±2.45) U/L vs. (8.28±2.29) U/L, (8.54±2.51) U/L, F=3.26] in combination group were significantly lower than those in the TCM group and western medicine group ( P<0.05). After treatment, ovarian volume [(7.05±2.34) m 3vs. (8.79±2.11) m 3, (9.12±2.18) m 3, F=5.97] in combination group was significantly lower than that in TCM group and western medicine group ( P<0.05), and number of follicles (<10 mm) (8.28±2.24 vs. 9.67±2.40, 10.15±2.64, F=3.77) was significantly lower than that of TCM group and western medicine group ( P<0.05). During treatment, difference in incidence of adverse reactions among western medicine group, Tiaozhou group and combination group was not statistically significant [21.7% (5/23), 13.0% (3/23) vs. 8.3% (2/24), P>0.05]. Conclusion:The invigorating the spleen and kidney and regulating menstrual cycle treatment combined with Dong's extra-point acupuncture can regulate levels of sex hormones, promote follicles development and ovulation, and improve ovarian morphology of PCOS patients safely.

Percepción de cambios en el ciclo menstrual posteriores a la vacunación contra SARS-CoV-2 / Perception of menstrual cycle changes following SARS-CoV-2 vaccination

Resumen OBJETIVO: Identificar si la vacunación contra la COVID-19 se asocia con cambios en el patrón menstrual. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio observacional y transversal anónimo efectuado entre el 4 y 29 de octubre del 2021 en un grupo de mujeres que completaron un cuestionario elaborado para saber si hubo cambios en el ciclo menstrual posteriores a la vacunación. La encuesta se aplicó durante un periodo de cuatro semanas. Para el análisis estadístico se utilizó el programa SPSS. Los cambios antes y después de la aplicación de la primera y segunda dosis de la vacuna contra COVID-19 se evaluaron con una prueba t de muestras pareadas y χ2. RESULTADOS: Se reunieron 4501 pacientes de las que se excluyeron 1815 por no cumplir con los criterios de inclusión; al final quedaron para el análisis 2686. De éstas el 37.9% (n = 1018) tuvieron cambios en el ciclo menstrual posteriores a la vacunación contra COVID-19; en 61.8% (n = 630) fueron en la cantidad del sangrado. De las mujeres que reportaron cambios en el ciclo menstrual, el 64.34% (n = 655) fueron posteriores a la aplicación de vacunas tipo ARN mensajero (35.06%; p = 0.19, IC95%: -0.35-0.19). En relación con la cantidad de dosis aplicadas 72.10% (n = 734) reportaron modificaciones en el ciclo menstrual después de la segunda vacuna (p = 0.01, IC95%: 0.58-0.98). CONCLUSIONES: La vacunación contra COVID-19 se asocia con pequeños cambios en el ciclo menstrual, sin significación estadística. Las mujeres que reciben dos dosis de la vacuna tuvieron cambios en la cantidad del sangrado.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: Identify whether vaccination against COVID-19 is associated with changes in menstrual pattern. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An anonymous observational, cross-sectional to be held from October 4 to 29, 2021 was conducted in a group of women who completed a questionnaire designed to inquire about changes in the menstrual cycle following vaccination. The survey was administered over a four-week period. SPSS software was used for statistical analysis. Changes before and after the application of the first and second doses of COVID-19 vaccine were evaluated with a paired samples t-test and 2. RESULTS: 4501 patients were collected of whom 1815 were excluded because they did not meet the inclusion criteria; in the end 2686 remained for analysis. Of these, 37.9% (n = 1018) had changes in the menstrual cycle following COVID-19 vaccination; in 61.8% (n = 630) it was in the amount of bleeding. Of the women who reported menstrual cycle changes, 64.34% (n = 655) were after application of messenger RNA vaccines (35.06%; p = 0.19, 95%CI: -0.35-0.19). In relation to the number of doses applied 72.10% (n = 734) reported modifications in the menstrual cycle after l second vaccine (p = 0.01, CI95%: 0.58-0.98). CONCLUSIONS: Vaccination against COVID-19 is associated with small changes in the menstrual cycle, without statistical significance. Women receiving two doses of vaccine had changes in the amount of bleeding.

Menstrual cycle among adolescents: girls' awareness and influence of age at menarche and overweight / Ciclo menstrual em adolescentes: percepção das adolescentes e influência da idade de menarca e excesso de peso

Abstract Objective: To characterize the menstrual cycle (regularity and menstrual flow length), the prevalence of dysmenorrhea and self-monitoring of the cycle in students from Lisbon region, and explore the effect of chronological age, age at menarche and body mass index (BMI) on menstrual disorders. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study with 848 girls aged 12-18 years. A questionnaire about the sociodemographic context and characteristics of the menstrual cycle, and weight and height measures were assessed. BMI was classified according to International Obesity Taskforce criteria. A descriptive analysis of the variables was made, and Odds Ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs) were determined. Results: Mean age at menarche was 12.4 years and mean BMI was 22.0kg/m2. Among adolescents, 59% have regular menstrual cycle, 83% have menstrual flow length of ≤6 days. 88% suffered from dysmenorrhea, among which 8,7% declare absenteeism from school and 49% took pain medication, and 65% self-monitor their menstrual cycle. Higher maternal education was associated with a higher self-monitoring of menstrual cycle among the sample (OR 1.60; 95%CI 1.15-2.17). Girls with menarche <12 years-of-age are more likely to have menstrual flow length of >6 days (OR 1.73; 95%CI 1.19-2.51) and dysmenorrhea (OR 1.87; 95%CI 1.11-3.16) than those with menarche ≥12 years-of-age. No significant association between BMI and menstrual cycle variables was observed. Conclusions: The results suggest that menstrual disorders are frequent and may be associated with early menarche, but not with BMI. It is important to encourage self-monitoring of the menstrual cycle to detect menstrual disorders timely and promote health and well-being.

Resumo Objetivo: Caracterizar o ciclo menstrual (regularidade e duração da menstruação), prevalência de dismenorreia e automonitoramento do ciclo em estudantes da região de Lisboa, e explorar o efeito da idade cronológica, idade de menarca e índice de massa corpórea (IMC) nos distúrbios menstruais. Métodos: Este é um estudo transversal com 848 meninas entre 12 e 18 anos. Foi aplicado um questionário sobre contexto sociodemográfico e características menstruais e feita a medição do peso e altura. O IMC foi classificado pelos critérios da International Obesity Taskforce. Fez-se uma análise descritiva das variáveis e determinaram-se Odds Ratio (p<0,005; IC95%). Resultados: A média da idade de menarca foi 12.4 anos e do IMC foi de 22.0kg/m2. Entre as jovens, 59% afirmaram ter ciclo menstrual regular, 83% menstruação com duração ≤6 dias, 88% sofrem de dismenorreia, entre as quais 8,7% faltaram à escola e 49% consumiram analgésicos, e 65% automonitoram o ciclo menstrual. Uma educação materna elevada está associada a maior monitorização do ciclo menstrual entre as jovens (OR 1,60; IC95% 1,15-2,17). Meninas com idade de menarca <12 anos têm maior chance de ter menstruação com duração >6 dias (OR 1,73; IC95% 1,19-2,51) e dismenorreia (OR 1,87; IC95% 1,11-3,16) do que aquelas com menarca ≥12 anos. Não se observou associação entre o IMC e as características menstruais. Conclusões: Os resultados sugerem que os distúrbios menstruais são frequentes nas adolescentes e podem estar associados com a menarca precoce, mas não com o IMC. É importante incentivar a automonitoramento do ciclo menstrual para detectar adequadamente as perturbações menstruais e promover a saúde e bem-estar.

Neumotórax catamenial

RESUMEN Introducción: El neumotórax catamenial es aquel neumotórax espontáneo y recurrente que se presenta relacionado con el ciclo menstrual. Más frecuente en mujeres con edad fértil por encima de los 30 años de edad y a predominio del hemitórax derecho. El diagnóstico primario es difícil y el tratamiento que mejores resultados registra es la cirugía por técnicas de mínimo acceso, asociada a tratamiento hormonal. Objetivo: Presentar un caso de neumotórax catamenial, sus características clínicas y el procedimiento videotoracoscópico empleado. Caso clínico: Paciente de 48 años de edad, con antecedentes de dolor torácico y tos al inicio de la menstruación. Además, dos neumotórax espontáneos derechos anteriores. Ingresó de urgencia con el diagnóstico de neumotórax espontáneo derecho. Se realizó biopsia, frenorrafia y pleurodesis por videotoracoscopía. Conclusiones: Los elementos clínicos y radiológicos inducen a pensar en el diagnóstico de neumotórax catamenial, apoyado por la presencia de fenestraciones diafragmáticas y la no reaparición del cuadro de neumotórax después del cierre de los defectos diafragmáticos y el tratamiento satisfactorio con pleurodesis con talco, por cirugía de mínimo acceso.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The catamenial pneumothorax is that spontaneous and recurrent pneumothorax related with the menstrual cycle. More frequent in women with fertile age above the 30 years of age and predominance of the right hemithorax. The primary diagnosis is difficult and the treatment that best results recorded is the surgery by minimal access techniques associated with hormone treatment. Objective: Present a case of catamenial neumothorax, to describe their clinical characteristics and the videothoracoscopic proceeding used. Clinical case: 48 years old female patient, with history of chest pain and coughing at the beginning of menstruation and having suffered two spontaneous rights pneumothorax. We performed biopsy, phrenorraphy and pleurodesis by videothoracoscopy, after 18 months the symptomatology did not reappear. Conclusions: The clinical and radiological elements induce to think of the diagnosis of catamenial pneumothorax, supported by the presence of diaphragmatic fenestrations and the not reappearance of the pneumothorax frame after the closure of the diaphragmatic defects and satisfactory treatment with talc pleurodesis by minimal access surgery.

Mapping changes in women's visual functions during the menstrual cycle: narrative review

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: This article systematically updates the literature on changes in visual functions during the phases of the normal menstrual cycle in women. OBJECTIVES: To update Guttridge's 1994 review of visual structures and functions associated with the menstrual cycle and broaden the search through psychophysical, neuroimaging and neurobehavioral measurements covering 1994-2020. DESIGN AND SETTING: Narrative review conducted in a neurosciences and behavior laboratory in Brazil. METHODS: The PubMed, Cochrane Clinical Answers and Google Scholar databases were searched. After screening and applying the eligibility criteria, 32 articles were examined. Through this analysis, the following information was extracted: (1) geographical distribution of the study; (2) sample size (according to age and phase of the menstrual cycle); (3) type of measurements according to psychophysical, neuroimaging and neurobehavioral instruments; (4) vision testing model; (5) visual subcategory evaluated; (6) categories of processed visual stimuli; and (7) main findings. RESULTS: The menstrual phases give rise to significant changes in visual functions, including in relation to orientation and spatial attention, visual campimetry and visual sensitivity. These relate specifically to the follicular and luteal phases. CONCLUSIONS: These findings theoretically expand the effects of menstrual cycles on visual functions found by Guttridge (1994). Despite some inconsistencies in the studies analyzed, it was found that visual processing during the follicular and luteal phases of the normal menstrual cycle of healthy women can explain physiological, cognitive, behavioral and social modulations.

The Study of Estrous Cycle Phases Female Rats With the Use of N-Acetylcysteine in Ovarian Graft / Estudo do Ciclo Estral de Ratas com Uso de N-Acetilcisteína no Enxerto Ovariano

Ovarian graft may be the target of the biochemical effects of oxidative stress caused at the time of transplantation. In order to evaluate the effect of N-acetylcysteine on the ovarian graft, regarding the estrous cycle preservation, 50 female and virgin EPM-1 Wistar rats, weighing up to 250g, originating from CEDEME of UNIFESP, were kept in adequate sanitary conditions. receiving their own food and water. Daily vaginal smears were performed to identify the estrous phase for 8 days. The animals were randomly distributed into 05 groups: 1st Group (GTx), saline was administered subcutaneously, 2nd (NAC 150mgKg), 3rd (NAC 300mg / Kg), 4th (NAC 600mg / Kg) and 5th (NAC 1200mg / Kg), that were administered NAC subcutaneously on the abdominal face, 60 minutes before left unilateral ovarian transplantation in retr operitoneum and contralateral oophorectomy for purposes of histomorphological analysis, with colpocytological evaluation. Euthanasia was performed by means of anesthetic lethal dose in half of the animals on the 4th postoperative day, with a single vaginal smear collection and euthanasia on the rest of the animals, between the 14th and 16th days, after the material was collected in order to define the estrus phase. It was evaluated in the graft that the animals exhibited in all groupsreturn of estrous cycle in the later phase of the post-transplant, with better definition of regular cycle in the highest dosages of N-acetylcysteine. N-acetylcysteine induced the return of the estrous cycle in the rats' ovarian graft , mainly in the highest dosage, proving its effectiveness in revascularization of the tissue after ischemia and reperfusion. (AU)

O enxerto ovariano pode ser alvo dos efeitos bioquímicos do stress oxidativo causado no momento do transplante. Com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da N-acetilcisteína no enxerto ovariano, quanto à preservação do ciclo estral, foram utilizados 50 ratos EPM-1 Wistar, fêmeas e virgens, pesando até 250g, originários do CEDEME da UNIFESP, mantidos em adequadas condições sanitárias, recebendo ração própria e água. Realizados esfregaços vaginais diários para identificação da fase estral durante 08 dias. Os animais foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em 05 grupos: 1º Grupo (GTx), administrada solução salina via subcutânea, 2º (NAC 150mgKg), 3º (NAC 300mg/Kg), 4º (NAC 600mg/Kg) e 5º (NAC 1200mg/Kg), aos quais foi administrada NAC por via subcutânea em face abdominal, 60 minutos antes do transplante unilateral esquerdo do ovário em retroperitônio e à ooforectomia contra-lateral para fins de análise histomorfológica, com avaliação colpocitológica. A eutanásia foi realizada por meio da dose letal do anestésico em metade dos animais no 4º dia de pós-operatório, realizado única coleta de esfregaço vaginal e a eutanásia no restante dos animais, entre o 14 º e 16º dia, após a coleta do material para definição da fase estro . Foi avaliado no enxerto que os animais apresentaram em todos os grupos retorno de ciclo estral na fase mais tardia do pós-transplante, com melhor definição de ciclo regular nas dosagens mais elevadas de N-acetilcisteína. A N-acetilcisteína induziu o retorno do ciclo estral no enxerto ovariano de ratas, principalmente na maior dosagem comprovando sua eficácia na revascularização do tecido após isquemia e reperfusão. (AU)

Effects of Chinese herbal decoction on traditional Chinese medicine syndrome, menstrual cycle and sex hormone levels in amenorrhea patients with polycystic ovary syndrome / 中国基层医药

Objective:To investigate the effects of Chinese herbal decoction on traditional Chinese medicine syndrome, menstrual cycle and sex hormone levels in amenorrhea patients with polycystic ovary syndrome.Methods:A total of 124 amenorrhea patients with polycystic ovary syndrome who received treatment in The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, China between December 2016 and December 2018 were included in this study. They were randomly assigned to receive either oral metformin hydrochloride and clomiphene citrate (control group, n = 62) or oral metformin hydrochloride and clomiphene citrate combined with Chinese herbal decoction (observation group, n = 62). Clinical effective rate and remission of traditional Chinese medicine syndrome were compared between control and observation groups. After treatment, recovery of menstrual cycle, ovulation rate, change of sex hormone level relative to before treatment, and the incidence of adverse reactions were determined in each group. Results:Total clinical effective rate in the observation group was significantly higher than that in the control group [96.77% (60/62) vs. 77.42% (48/62), χ2 = 12.817, P < 0.001]. Total effective rate in term of TCM syndrome in the control group was significantly higher than that in the observation group [83.87% (52/62) vs. 43.55% (27/62), χ2 = 21.800, P < 0.001]. After treatment, serum luteinizing hormone, free testosterone, luteinizing hormone / follicle stimulating hormone, estradiol, follicle stimulating hormone levels in the observation group were (4.28 ± 2.04) U/L, (1.93 ± 0.07) nmol/L, (3.17 ± 1.07), (240.32 ± 30.26) pmol/L, (3.17 ± 1.07) U/L, respectively, which were significantly lower than those in the control group [(6.45 ± 2.11) U/L, (3.27 ± 0.07) nmol/L, (5.73 ± 2.46), (300.32 ± 31.26) pmol/L, (5.12 ± 1.07) U/L), t = 5.822, 106.583, 7.514, 10.859, 10.147, all P < 0.001]. Ovulation rate in the observation group was significantly higher than that in the control group [80.65% (50/62) vs. 51.61% (32/62), χ2 = 11.666, P = 0.001]. Periodic ovulation rate in the observation group was significantly higher than that in the control group [91.94% (57/62) vs. 35.48% (22/62), χ2 = 14.528, P < 0.001]. In the observation group, the proportion of patients having edema, gastrointestinal reaction, vomiting, and diarrhea was 4.84% (3/62), 6.45% (4/62), 11.29% (7/62) and 11.29% (7/62), respectively, and they were 9.68% (6/62), 12.90% (8/62), 19.35% (12/62) and 25.80% (16/62)], respectively in the control group (all P < 0.05). Conclusion:Chinese herbal decoction can help regulate the hormone balance in amenorrhea patients with polycystic ovary syndrome, promote ovulation, eliminate amenorrhea, increase the curative effects on traditional Chinese medicine syndrome, and increase the rate of menstrual cycle recovery.

Association between thyroid disorders and abnormal uterine bleeding in reproductive ages

Background: Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) means any bleeding that is not normal in amount, duration, frequency, and cyclicity. It is a common disorder occurring in reproductive age group females. It can be understood as bleeding that occurs from the uterus outside the normal parameters and there are no structural defects in the genital tract. One of the most common associations with AUB is thyroid dysfunctions. Hence, this study aimed to see the incidence of thyroid-related disorders in AUB and also to assess the menstrual pattern.Methods: A total 100 women suffering from AUB who presented to OPD of the gynecology department of L D Hospital Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir were recruited in the study. All females in 19 to 45 years of age group with abnormal uterine bleeding were included excluding those with a previously known thyroid disorder, abortion history within 3 months, etc. Thyroid function tests were done in all along with ultrasonography of the pelvis region. Data were analyzed using SPSS software v.23.0. and Microsoft office 2007.Results: The bleeding abnormality that was found in most of the women was heavy menstrual bleeding. Out of the 100 patients taken into study 11 had thyroid disorders, out of which subclinical hypothyroidism was most prevalent accounting for 8 cases, 2 cases were found to have hypothyroidism and 1 case of hyperthyroidism was detected.Conclusions: Abnormal uterine bleeding has a strong association with thyroid disorders. The most common type of disorder is subclinical hypothyroidism. Thus, all patient of AUB must be evaluated for thyroid dysfunction.